Songs from a Landfill

 
                                          (Sign at Cleveland Lakefront Nature Preserve)

This was an autumn that changed dramatically from an unsettlingly wonderful extended period of temperatures in the 70s and even 80s to a dramatic 35-degree plunge to the low 40s. Earlier in October, the nighttime low temperatures had been absolutely balmy and the remaining crickets sang as if it were August. Then the abrupt arrival of unseasonably cold temperatures was accompanied by rain and more rain.

Singing insect season didn’t gradually diminish. It was a sharp cutoff.  On those rare occasions when the sun appeared and temperatures climbed briefly into the 50s, a few survivors attempted to resume singing. Their songs, now softer, were delivered from lower locations in thicker vegetation by wary and tentative individuals. Instead of moderating, the cold, wet weather intensified and the last crickets were silenced.

The finality was too difficult to accept, as usual. Were there any crickets singing anywhere? 

What about near the lake – as in right at the lakeshore? The Lake Erie water temperature off Cleveland was 54-55, so the lakeshore areas hadn’t gotten quite as cold. The warmest area in the region should be the lakeshore in the city because of urban heating.

If so, then perhaps Cleveland Lakefront Nature Preserve would be the place to look and listen for survivors. I’d read about the habitat improvements underway at this urban lakeshore preserve – especially the meadow area - and I knw that it's typically filled with migrating birds in spring and fall. Yet I’d only visited a few times because one of my goals is to get away from human noise, not immerse myself in it.

I invite and encourage you to read more about this 88-acre preserve’s origins as a confined disposal facility for polluted material that was dredged from the Cuyahoga River and couldn’t be dumped directly into Lake Erie itself. The site was commonly referred to as “Dike 14” (short for “diked disposal facility site number 14.”) Please see Dike 14: From Sunken Barges to Nature Preserve by Jim Lanese at Cleveland Historical.org, and keep in mind that the vegetation, birds, and insects now present moved in on their own once disposal ended in 1999. 

When I pulled into the parking area on November 5th, I was astonished. Allard’s Ground Crickets – a multitude of them – were singing nonstop in the grass near the cars!  What a gorgeous, sparkling chorus! Elderly grasshoppers hopped laboriously on the path, an ancient Slender Meadow Katydid tried to hide in the taller grasses, but the Allard's Ground crickets sounded as youthful and enthusiastic as if it were late July. The truth of the season was in the calls of the Golden-crowned Kinglets in the evergreens overhead, but the grasses hosted the last songs of summer.

I tried to record the ground cricket chorus, but the adjacent freeway’s urban uproar was prohibitive. The preserve is next to heavily-traveled I-90, (which we call the Shoreway here in Cleveland) and its din obscures all other sounds except the jets flying into Burke Lakefront Airport just west of the preserve.

Although the Allard’s chorus was quite enthusiastic, I knew their concert would abruptly end in just a few days. Within less than 10 minutes, I caught four of them - just a small sample of all the crickets singing in the grass – so they would continue singing in a warm house.

This initial discovery was exciting, but it quickly became essential for me to relocate out toward the lake and away from the relentless traffic. 

I headed to the gate and began walking toward the meadow area. Mowed paths were lined with goldenrod standing tall with silvery seed heads held high. 

Then from the back of the goldenrod I heard…a Four-spotted Tree Cricket! How did his species arrive at this former landfill, and why was he still alive and singing after that prolonged, miserable weather? 

He definitely wouldn’t be alive for more than a couple more days.  I searched until I found him and gently plucked his leafy concert stage into a container so he could continue singing in a warm house. 

I subsequently heard one additional - and very intriguing - Four-spotted song farther up the path. It sounded as if his “voice” cracked and broke between two different pitches. How was this possible? Surely age and damage to the file teeth of his file-and-scraper instrument was the cause, but I had no way of examining him. 

In fact, I couldn’t find him at all. I certainly tried, but I was at the preserve during a break between teaching my morning classes and an important meeting in the afternoon. I couldn’t return to school with my hair adorned with goldenrod seeds and my clothes looking like a seed bank.

But I was able to get a recording of what I heard, and if you look at the sonogram you can see as well as hear the two different pitches.

As I approached the meadow, I was delighted to see tall stands of native grasses. Did Sword-bearing and Round-tipped Coneheads sing here earlier in the season? I decided immediately that I would need to return next year and learn more about which crickets and katydids were somehow finding and establishing themselves in this urban insect oasis. 

My most significant surprise occurred along a rutted path a little farther to the west. This is what I saw, and at first, I just heard traffic. 

 But look closely at the sonogram as you listen...

Do you see that pale orange line far above the thick, fuzzy band of color that is traffic noise? 

As I brought my microphone closer to what had caught my attention, this is who I heard:

Cuban Ground Crickets! 

Since discovering that this supposedly southern species is common in every county in NE Ohio, I’ve been curious about whether they're present in more urban areas. I hadn’t found them in the city or the inner-ring suburbs, but here they were in a former river-dredging landfill! 

They’re only ¼” in size. They jump very well, but they don’t fly. How could they have possibly gotten to this area? 

For that matter, how are any of these singing insects reaching this spot? A few years ago I found a Black-legged Meadow Katydid in a stand of phragmites there, and a single Forbes’s Tree Cricket had announced his presence in the goldenrod. I was puzzled and curious, but did not pursue that particular wondering. Maybe it's time I did.

                Black-legged Meadow Katydid in phragmites at CLNP on 9-14-15

    

You may be wondering how my new house guests are doing.

The Allard’s Ground Crickets’ winter homes are plastic insect carriers with a base layer of sand, clumps of grass, and some small twigs and leaves. They like sandy soil, after all, and they appreciate having places to hide.  

 
They are a lively bunch when they’re warm, and they’re quite capable of hopping right out of their plastic carriers and onto the dining room table when I change their lettuce, grape and apple slices each evening.  

If I’m not fast enough, they can quickly travel across the dining room floor or perch on one of the chairs. Fortunately, I've caught any adventurous ones before they got too far.

The Cuban Ground Cricket seems quite pleased with his carrier as well. 

Everyone comes upstairs to the bedroom at night to enjoy the warmth of the space heater, returning to the dining room table near the south windows during the day and my little studio in the evening. When they're warm, they sing: light, separated, sparkling songs from the Allard's Ground Crickets and longer, smooth, silvery songs from the Cuban Ground Cricket.

 
Dmitri the cat spends hours with them, as he does with our late-season crickets every year. Even when I can't spot them in their little apartments, he always knows exactly where they are.

And the Four-spotted Tree Cricket? He enjoys eating the apple pieces I provide in his leafy terrarium. I try to choose a variety of stems and leaves that seem like appropriate singing perches, and I move him up to the bedroom by the space heater at night.

He is quite old, but when all the house lights are off and conditions suit him, he still sings. It’s the song of an elderly individual, but I am so appreciative. And when I woke up on the morning of my mid-November birthday, I stayed in bed an extra ten minutes just to listen to his solo. He continued to sing while I quietly slipped downstairs for my recording equipment so I could share his song with you.

Crickets in the House: ground crickets and field crickets

The high temperature in Cleveland yesterday was 30 degrees below normal for this date, and everything’s been snow-covered for days.  Here in the little room I call my studio, however, it sounds like August.  

Toward the end of the season – especially as the arctic cold front approached - I brought a variety of crickets into our home to live out their final days in warmth and comfort.  I’ve been rewarded not only with their beautiful songs, but also with a chance to observe their behavior in ways I could never do in the field. (Below: female Striped Ground cricket)

Where are they living?  In terrariums with plants, goldenrod and aster seed heads and timothy stems.  I've added a few fallen leaves, an occasional little rock or a couple of twigs…anything I can think of to make their micro-habitat similar to where they were living before the snow.  

 

They dine on lettuce and have dry cricket food and water cubes available.  I mist their plants and dry leaves daily so there are always some droplets of water.  When it’s sunny (which is not that common in NE Ohio in November), I put their terrariums in the south-facing kitchen window.  The crickets sit up on the leaves and bask in the sun. (Below: Allard's Ground Cricket.)

 

I’ve had a number of inquiries about my indoor ensemble, and I thought you might enjoy reading about them and hearing their actual songs as recorded in the house.  Ready for the tour?  

I’ll introduce four ground cricket species and the Fall Field Cricket in this post, then add the Black-horned Tree Crickets and Short-winged Meadow Katydids – and their interesting stories – in the next one.

Ground crickets are small, brown, fast, excellent jumpers, and experts at hiding. In the field, I hear them far more then I see them.  They do well indoors, though, which gives me the opportunity to watch them up close.

Allard’s Ground Crickets have a fast, sparkling songs.  They sound rather delicate out in a meadow or near the Lake Erie beach areas, but indoors, they actually sound intense, loud, and fierce.  I’m sure that characterization would please them very much!  Listen:

How often do I get to watch ground crickets sing?  Almost never, unless it’s in a terrarium.  Like all of our singing insects, they have beautiful wings.  They don’t raise them as high as the tree crickets, but they’re elevated more than those of the katydids (see below).

 

Our next stop will be the terrariums with Striped Ground Crickets.  Their songs are quite different; they're short, little bursts with space between them. 



It’s easy to differentiate Allard’s and Striped Ground Cricket songs by their rhythmic patterns. 

Here’s the oldest cricket in the house – A Striped Ground Cricket that Wendy named Methuselah.  

He’s been here for quite a while, and as of 11/19, he was still singing.  As occasionally happens with these old crickets, he lost a back leg rather recently.  His “home” is safe and trauma-free, so it’s not like he was in a fight or had an accident!  Last year, we had a Striped Ground Cricket who eventually lost both of his back legs.  He still managed to prop himself up with his front two pairs of legs and sing.  

Ground crickets do change their songs when they interact with other males or when a female is present.  The next recording shows some of the possible variations in Striped Ground Cricket song.  This particular terrarium has a small group of males and females of both species - the ones I scooped up right ahead of the cold front that would have been lethal for them

My favorite singers are the Cuban Ground Crickets.  These tiny crickets are only ¼” in size, but they are astonishingly good jumpers.  Their songs are a silvery pitch that increases in intensity and lasts for several seconds.  It ends abruptly – a sharp cutoff, as we might say in musical language – and begins again after a pause.  



Although the Singing Insects of North America range map will not show them as being present in Ohio, they actually are widespread in NE Ohio.  I'll write more about them in the future, as it was quite a surprise to find them here!

Here’s a photo – at least as best as I can get of one of these tiny individuals.

Finally, we have Spotted Ground Crickets this year.  This species lives in dry, open woods in sandy soil, and can be found along the Lake Erie shoreline almost to the Pennsylvania border. They are not common in general, but they can be rather plentiful in some areas.   

This was the first year I’ve had an opportunity to study them, and they are charming.  I created a terrarium with plenty of fallen oak leaves, as underneath fallen leaves is exactly where they like to stay.   

 On a sunny afternoon, though, they sit right on top of the leaves.

The last cricket for this post is the Fall Field Cricket.  Compared with the ground crickets, they are huge.  They’re very dark and have large, round heads – quite a different appearance from the ground crickets.  They live in meadows, fields, along the Lake Erie beaches, and in the city.  

Their numbers dwindle sooner than the ground crickets, and most are gone by early or mid October.  Ours lived until last week – mid-November must have been pretty old for a Fall Field Cricket!  His loud, cheerful-sound chirping was quite a contrast to the lighter, higher songs of the ground crickets.  I was certainly sad when his time was up.

When you listened to his song just now, did you notice a low rumbling in the background?  No, it wasn’t traffic, a jet, or a helicopter.  It was very late at night, and I was still up enjoying the peace, quiet, and crickets.

I wasn’t the only one enjoying all of the above.  One of our two cats, Dmitri, absolutely loves the terrariums and was purring himself to sleep on top of one.  



I didn’t disturb his contented nap, but here he is during the day with “his” crickets.

In my next post, I’ll have some interesting stories for you about Short-winged Meadow Katydids, Black-horned Tree Crickets, and what I’ve learned from all of these insects in the past several weeks.